海南省能源消费和碳排放预测研究

以海南省1993—2012年能源消费总量、人口、国民生产总值和工业比重作为研究对象,应用协整理论建立它们之间的关系,并预测不同经济增长情景下2015—2020年海南省能源消费总量和能源消费结构。在此基础上,借助相关方法预测碳排放量,最后根据海南的实际情况提出减排政策建议。     

Effects of introducing energy recovery processes to the municipal solid waste management system in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia

Currently, most developing countries have not set up municipal solid waste management systemswith a viewof recovering energy fromwaste or reducing greenhouse gasemissions. In this article, we have studied the possible effects of introducing three energy recovery processes either as a single or combination approach, refuse derived fuel production, incineration and waste power generation, and methane gas recovery from landfill and power generation in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia, as a case study. We concluded that incineration process is the most suitable as first introduction of energy recovery. To operate it efficiently, 3Rs strategies need to be promoted. And then, RDF production which is made of waste papers and plastics in high level of sortingmay be considered as the second step of energy recovery. However, safety control and marketability of RDF will be required at that moment.     

Characterization of odorous charge and photochemical reactivity of VOC emissions from a full-scale food waste treatment plant in China

Food waste treatment plants (FWTPs) are usually associated with odorous nuisance and health risks, which are partially caused by volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions. This study investigated the VOC emissions from a selected full-scale FWTP in China. The feedstock used in this plant was mainly collected from local restaurants. For a year, the FWTP was closely monitored on specific days in each season. Four major indoor treatment units of the plant, including the storage room, sorting/crushing room, hydrothermal hydrolysis unit, and aerobic fermentation unit, were chosen as the monitoring locations. The highest mean concentration of total VOC emissions was observed in the aerobic fermentation unit at 21,748.2-31,283.3 μg/m³, followed by the hydrothermal hydrolysis unit at 10,798.1-23,144.4 μg/m³. The detected VOC families included biogenic compounds (oxygenated compounds, hydrocarbons, terpenes, and organosulfur compounds) and abiogenic compounds (aromatic hydrocarbons and halocarbons). Oxygenated compounds, particularly alcohols, were the most abundant compounds in all samples. With the use of odor index analysis and principal components analysis, the hydrothermal hydrolysis and aerobic fermentation units were clearly distinguished from the pre-treatment units, as characterized by their higher contributions to odorous nuisance. Methanthiol was the dominant odorant in the hydrothermal hydrolysis unit, whereas aldehyde was the dominant odorant in the aerobic fermentation unit. Terpenes, specifically limonene, had the highest level of propylene equivalent concentration during the monitoring periods. This concentration can contribute to the increase in the atmospheric reactivity and ozone formation potential in the surrounding air.     

新型覆土材料的CH_4氧化能力与N_2O释放能力

在垃圾卫生填埋处理技术中,覆土材料的选择对处理成本和技术都至关重要.探究了新型覆土材料(矿化垃圾+牛粪+木屑)的CH4氧化能力,并进一步分析了温度、含水率、初始φ(CH4)和好氧厌氧等环境因素对CH4氧化能力的影响.结果表明:1新型覆土中矿化垃圾的填埋龄不同,其CH4氧化能力也有所差异,填埋龄较久的覆土B(10 a)、C(15 a)在培养时间内对CH4去除率和氧化速率均明显高于覆土A(5 a);2当温度为30℃、含水率为35%时,新型覆土的CH4氧化能力最高;3用米歇尔-门坦方程表征CH4降解的过程,R2(相关系数)为0.993,CH4氧化速率最大值为5.21μmol/(g·h),半速常数为5.48%;4厌氧环境中新型覆土具有CH4氧化能力,而厌氧环境中CH4去除率相对好氧环境更慢,培养20 d后,厌氧环境CH4去除率为83%;5当土壤孔隙含水率分别为46%、70%时,覆土干湿交替导致的N2O和CO2释放量远小于CH4氧化量,故N2O增温效应可忽略.由矿化垃圾+牛粪+木屑组成的新型覆土材料的CH4氧化速率最大值比现有覆土材料高1~2个数量级,其可应用于不同类型填埋场,特别是降雨较多的南方垃圾填埋场,可有效减缓垃圾填埋气CH4的释放影响.     

Methane and nitrous oxide emissions from a subtropical coastal embayment (Moreton Bay,Australia)

Surface water methane (CH₄) and nitrous oxide (N₂O) concentrations and fluxes were investigated in two subtropical coastal embayments (Bramble Bay and Deception Bay, which are part of the greater Moreton Bay, Australia). Measurements were done at 23 stations in seven campaigns covering different seasons during 2010–2012. Water–air fluxes were estimated using the Thin Boundary Layer approach with a combination of wind and currents-based models for the estimation of the gas transfer velocities. The two bays were strong sources of both CH₄ and N₂O with no significant differences in the degree of saturation of both gases between them during all measurement campaigns. Both CH₄ and N₂O concentrations had strong temporal but minimal spatial variability in both bays. During the seven seasons, CH₄ varied between 500% and 4000% saturation while N₂O varied between 128 and 255% in the two bays. Average seasonal CH₄ fluxes for the two bays varied between 0.5 ± 0.2 and 6.0 ± 1.5 mg CH₄/(m²·day) while N₂O varied between 0.4 ± 0.1 and 1.6 ± 0.6 mg N₂O/(m²·day). Weighted emissions (t CO₂-e) were 63%–90% N₂O dominated implying that a reduction in N₂O inputs and/or nitrogen availability in the bays may significantly reduce the bays' greenhouse gas (GHG) budget. Emissions data for tropical and subtropical systems is still scarce. This work found subtropical bays to be significant aquatic sources of both CH₄ and N₂O and puts the estimated fluxes into the global context with measurements done from other climatic regions.     

陕西省经济增长与碳排放关系的实证研究

研究使用协整检验、Granger因果检验、脉冲响应函数等计量方法,本文基于相关理论,应用协整检验、格兰杰因果检验、脉冲响应函数及方差分解对陕西省碳排放与经济增长之间的关系进行了实证研究,对陕西省1993年-2012年的相关数据进行实证分析,结果表明:陕西省的经济增长和碳排放量之间,存在长期均衡的关系,且经济增长对碳排放量的增加有着正向的拉动作用,陕西省应该通过优化产业结构和提高能源利用率来推动低碳经济的发展.     

城市黑臭河道夏季产甲烷通量研究——以南宁市朝阳溪为例

利用静态箱法测定城市黑臭河道!南宁市朝阳溪夏季产甲烷通量,结果表明朝阳溪是重要的甲烷排放源,夏季甲烷排放通量平均值为12.2mg/(m2·h),上游、中游、下游排放通量变化不显著。利用偏最小二乘法进行相关性分析可得,甲烷通量与温度、化学需氧量、底泥有机碳呈显著正相关,与溶解氧呈显著负相关,与总氮、氨氮、总磷、pH相关性较小。     

不同土地利用方式下冬季N2O排放及其影响因素

由于冬季气温低,温室气体的排放往往被忽视.而最新研究结果显示,土壤冬季仍然持续排放N2O.研究不同土地利用方式下冬季N2O排放规律对于评估农田土壤N2O排放有重要意义.在中国科学院桃源农业生态试验站选择4种不同的土地利用方式包括冬闲稻田、油菜地、蜜柚园和撂荒地,采用静态箱采集和气相色谱法结合监测N2O排放动态.结果表明,冬闲稻田和油菜地N2O排放量明显高于蜜柚园和撂荒地,其顺序为:油菜地>冬闲稻田>蜜柚园>荒地.N2O的累积排放量分别为0.502、0.392、0.162、0.075 kg·hm-2.冬闲稻田和油菜地的累计排放量占全年排放量的贡献较大而蜜柚园和荒地则较小.相关性分析结果表明,对于不同的土地利用方式,当土壤温度>5℃时,冬季N2O排放通量与土壤温度都有显著指数正相关,而与水分没有相关性.本研究表明,当土壤温度>5℃,土壤温度是冬季桃源不同土地类型N2O排放的主导因素;当土壤温度<5℃时,土壤温度和其他环境因素综合影响了N2O的排放.     

基于多因素灰色预测模型的生活污水量预测研究

生活污水作为城市水环境的主要污染源,进行生活污水排放量的预测是十分必要的.污水排放量预测方法有多种,不同的方法有各自不同的特点.为提高预测精度,采用灰色预测与多元线性回归相结合的方法,综合各种因素建立多因素灰色预测模型.并以人口和人均纯收入作为影响因素,将该模型应用于苏州横泾街道生活污水排放量的趋势预测中.结果表明：该模型能反映系统的实际情况,建模精度高,平均相对误差只有0.069 8％,值得在污水排放预测中推广应用.     

不同量碳源输入梯度下果园排水沟底泥氮素反硝化与N2O排放研究

果园是太湖地区重要的经济作物,但是氮肥投入量大,氮素损失严重,使得排水沟道的活化氮浓度高,碳氮比下降,碳源可能是影响沟道底泥硝化与反硝化作用的限制因子.因此,采集了果园排水沟道沉积物,在实验室条件下,设计了C_0、C_1、C_2、C_3、C_4这5种有机碳源(葡萄糖)浓度水平,分别为0、5、25、50和100 mg·L~(-1),同时分别输入了5 mg·L-1的硝酸钾溶液.采用乙炔抑制法来研究果园排水沟道土壤的反硝化损失和不加乙炔研究N_2O的排放量.结果表明,加入碳源使土壤的反硝化速率(DN)和N_2O排放速率均有一定的增加,碳氮比对N_2O排放速率和DN的影响均极为显著(P0.05);碳氮比为10∶1时,累积反硝化损失总量和N_2O累积排放总量均较大(分别为319.26μg·kg~(-1)和6.20μg·kg~(-1)),占净氮的输入量比例均较高(分别为1.28%和0.02%),说明该处理情况下虽然对于沟道反硝化非常有利,利于去除土壤底泥中富集的氮素,但同时也增加了温室气体N_2O的排放.